Zumwalt class destroyer

Uss Zumwalt.jpg
Artist rendering of the Zumwalt class destroyer
Class overview
Name: Zumwalt
Builders: General Dynamics
Operators:  United States Navy
Preceded by: Arleigh Burke class destroyer
Cost: $3.3 billion (Navy estimate for lead ships; others give higher projections[1])
In service: April 2013 (forecast)[1]
In commission: March 2015 (forecast)[1]
Planned: USS Zumwalt, USS Michael Monsoor, 1 more planned
Cancelled: 4–5
General characteristics
Class and type: Zumwalt
Type: Multimission destroyer, emphasis on land attack
Displacement: 14,564 tons[2]
Length: 600 ft (182.9 m)
Beam: 80.7 ft (24.6 m)
Draft: 27.6 ft (8.4 m)
Propulsion: 2 Rolls-Royce Marine Trent-30 gas turbines and emergency diesel generators, 78 MW
Speed: 30+ kn (56+ km/h)
Complement: 140
Sensors and
processing systems:		 AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) (X-band, scanned array)[3]
Armament: 20 × MK 57 VLS modules, comprising a total of 80 missiles
Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM)
Tactical Tomahawk Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC)
2 × 155 mm Advanced Gun System
920 × 155 mm rounds total; 600 in automated store + Auxiliary store room with up to 320 rounds (non-automatic) as of April 2005
70-100 LRLAP rounds planned as of 2005 of total
2 × Mk 110 57 mm gun (CIGS)
Aircraft carried: 1 SH-60 LAMPS helicopters or 1 MH-60R helicopter
3 MQ-8 Fire Scout VTUAV[2]

The Zumwalt-class destroyer (DDG-1000) is a planned class of United States Navy destroyers, designed as multi-mission ships with a focus on land attack. The class is a scaled-back project that emerged after funding cuts to the larger DD-21 vessel program. The program was previously known as the "DD(X)". The Zumwalt-class destroyers are multi-role and designed for surface warfare, anti-aircraft, and naval fire support. They take the place of the battleships in filling the former congressional mandate for naval fire support,[4] though the requirement was reduced to allow them to fill this role. The vessel's appearance has been compared to that of the historic ironclad.[5]

The DDG-1000 is planned to feature: a low radar profile; an integrated power system, which can send electricity to the electric drive motors or weapons, which may someday include a railgun[6] or free-electron lasers;[7] total ship computing environment infrastructure, serving as the ship's primary LAN and as the hardware-independent platform for all of the ship's software ensembles; automated fire-fighting systems and automated piping rupture isolation. The destroyer is being designed to require a smaller crew and be less expensive to operate than comparable warships. It will have a wave-piercing tumblehome hull form whose sides slope inward above the waterline. This will reduce the radar cross-section, returning much less energy than a more hard-angled hull form. As of January 2009, the GAO found that only four out of 12 of the DDG-1000's critical technologies were mature.[8]

The lead ship will be named Zumwalt for Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, and carries the hull number DDG-1000. Originally 32 ships were planned for the class, but this was progressively cut down to two,[9] with three to be built currently. The Navy expects each ship to cost nearly $3.3 billion.[9] The DOD's proposed 2010 budget called for three DDG-1000 ships to be produced.[10]

Contents

History

Funding

Many of the ship's features were developed under the DD21 program ("21st Century Destroyer"), which was originally designed around the Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS, see below). In 2001, Congress cut the DD-21 program by half as part of the SC21 program; to save it, the acquisition program was renamed as DD(X) and heavily reworked. The House of Representatives opposes the DDG-1000 and has cut some funding, preferring to build more Arleigh Burke class destroyers and the new littoral combat ships. The Senate supports the DDG-1000 and continues to approve more funding.

Originally, the Navy had hoped to build 32 of these destroyers. That number was later reduced to 24, then to 7, due to the high cost of new and experimental technologies to be incorporated in the destroyer.[9] On 23 November 2005, the Defense Acquisition Board approved a plan for simultaneous construction of the first two DDG-1000 ships at Northrop’s Ingalls yard in Pascagoula, MS and General Dynamics’ Bath Iron Works in Bath, ME. However, as of that date, funding had yet to be authorized by Congress.

In late December 2005, the House and Senate agreed to continue funding the DDG-1000 program. The U.S. House of Representatives allotted the Navy only enough money to begin construction on one DDG-1000 destroyer as a "technology demonstrator." The initial funding allocation for the DDG-1000 destroyer was included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2007.[9] However, this was increased to two ships by the 2007 appropriations bill[11] approved in September 2006, which allotted US$2,568m to the DDG-1000 program.[12]

On 31 July 2008, U.S. Navy acquisition officials told Congress that the service needed to purchase more Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, and no longer needs the next-generation DDG-1000 class,[13] Only the two approved destroyers would be built. The Navy said the world threat picture had changed in such a way that it now makes more sense to build at least eight more Burkes, rather than DDG-1000s.[13] The Navy concluded from fifteen classified intelligence reports that the DDG-1000s would be vulnerable to forms of missile attacks.[14] Many Congressional subcommittee members appeared incredulous that the Navy could have conducted such a sweeping re-evaluation of the world threat picture in just a few weeks, after spending some 13 years and $10 billion on the surface ship program known as DD-21, then DD(X) and finally, DDG-1000. That figure does not include the money spent for the two hulls (DDG-1000 and DDG-1001).[13] Subsequently chief of naval operations Gary Roughead has cited the need to provide area air defense and specific new threats such as ballistic missiles and the possession of anti-ship missiles by groups such as Hezbollah.[15] The mooted structural problems have not been discussed in public. Navy Secretary Donald Winter said on 4 September that "Making certain that we have — I’ll just say, a destroyer — in the ’09 budget is more important than whether that’s a DDG 1000 or a DDG 51".[16]

On 19 August, Secretary Winter was reported as saying that a third Zumwalt would be built at Bath Iron Works, citing concerns about maintaining shipbuilding capacity.[17] House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman John Murtha said on 23 September 2008 that he had agreed to partial funding of the third DDG-1000 in the 2009 Defense authorization bill.[18]

A 26 January 2009 memo from John Young, the US DoD's top acquisition official, stated that the per ship price for the Zumwalt destroyers had reached $5.964 billion, 81 percent over the Navy's original estimate used in proposing the program. If true, that means that the program has breached the Nunn–McCurdy Amendment, requiring the Navy to recertify and rejustify the program to Congress.[19]

On 6 April 2009, Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced that DoD's proposed 2010 budget will end the DDG-1000 program at a maximum of three ships.[10] Also in April, the Pentagon awarded a fixed-price contract with General Dynamics to build the three destroyers, replacing a cost-plus-fee contract that had been awarded to Northrop Grumman. The first destroyer is expected to cost around $3.5 billion, the second around $3.5 billion, and the third less than that.[20]

Construction

In late 2005, the program entered the detailed design and integration phase, for which Raytheon is the Mission Systems Integrator. Both Northrop Grumman Ship Systems and General Dynamics Bath Iron Works share dual-lead for the hull, mechanical, and electrical detailed design. BAE Systems Inc. has the advanced gun system and the MK57 VLS. Almost every major defense contractor (including Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman Sperry Marine, L-3 Communications) and subcontractors from nearly every state in the U.S. are involved to some extent in this project, which is the largest single line item in the Navy's budget. During the previous contract, development and testing of 11 Engineering Development Models (EDMs) took place: Advanced Gun System, Autonomic Fire Suppression System, Dual Band Radar [X-band and L-band], Infrared, Integrated Deckhouse & Apertures, Integrated Power System, Integrated Undersea Warfare, Peripheral Vertical Launch System, Total Ship Computing Environment, Tumblehome Hull Form.

The decision in September 2006 to fund two ships meant that one could be built by the Bath Iron Works in Maine and one by Northrop Grumman's Ingalls Shipbuilding in Mississippi.[11]

On 13 November 2007, Northrop Grumann was awarded a $90m contract modification for materials and production planning.[21] On 14 February 2008, Bath Iron Works was awarded for the construction of the USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000), and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was awarded for the construction of the DDG-1001, with price of $1.4 billion each.[22]

As of July 2008, the construction timetable was:[1]

Names and hull numbers

In April 2006, the Navy announced plans to name the first ship of the class Zumwalt after former Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Elmo R. "Bud" Zumwalt Jr.[1] Its hull number will be DDG-1000, abandoning the guided missile destroyer sequence used by the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers, and continue in the previous "gun destroyer" sequence left off with the last of the Spruance-class, DD-997 Hayler.

DDG-1001 will be named for Master-at-Arms 2nd Class (SEAL) Michael Monsoor, the second SEAL to receive the Medal of Honor in the Global War on Terror (GWOT), the Navy announced on October 29, 2008.[23]

There is an active civilian campaign to persuade the Secretary of the Navy to name one of the class the USS Robert A. Heinlein.[24]

Design elements

Planned features of the DDG-1000

Stealth

Despite being 40% larger than an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer the radar signature is more akin to a fishing boat and sound levels are compared to the Los Angeles-class submarine. The tumblehome hull reduces radar return and the composite material deckhouse also has a low radar return. Water sleeting along the sides, along with passive cool air induction in the mack reduces thermal emissions.[25]

Tumblehome wave piercing hull

A return to a hull form not seen since the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, the Zumwalt-class destroyer reintroduces the tumblehome hull form. Originally put forth in modern steel battleship designs by the French shipyard Forges et Chantiers de la Mediterranee in La Seyne in Toulon, French naval architects believed that tumblehome, in which the beam of the vessel narrowed from the water-line to the upper deck, would create better freeboard, greater seaworthiness, and, as Russian battleships were to find, would be ideal for navigating through narrow constraints (canals).[26] On the down side, the tumblehome battleships experienced stability problems, especially in high speed turns or losses in watertight integrity.[27] 21st century tumblehome is being reintroduced to reduce the radar return of the hull. The bow is designed to cut through waves rather than ride over them.[25][28] As mentioned above, the stability of this hull form in high sea states has caused debate among naval architects.

Advanced Gun System (AGS)

There has been research on extending the range of naval gunfire for many years. Canadian engineer Gerald Bull and Naval Ordnance Station Indian Head tested an 11 inch sub-calibre saboted long-range round[29] in a stretched 16"/45 Mark 6 battleship gun in 1967.[30] The Advanced Gun Weapon System Technology Program (AGWSTP) evaluated a similar projectile with longer range in the 1980s.[29] After the battleships were decommissioned in 1992, the AGWSTP became a 5" gun with an intended range of 180 kilometres (110 mi), which then led to the Vertical Gun for Advanced Ships (VGAS). The original DD-21 was designed around this "vertical gun", but the project ran into serious technology/cost problems and was radically scaled back to a more conventional 6.1 inch Advanced Gun System (AGS). One advantage of this move was that the gun was no longer restricted to guided munitions.

The Advanced Gun System is a 155 mm naval gun, two of which would be installed in each ship. This system consists of an advanced 155 mm gun and the Long Range Land-Attack Projectile.[31] This projectile is in fact a rocket with a warhead fired from the AGS gun; the warhead weighs 11 kg / 24 lb and has a circular error of probability of 50 meters. This weapon system will have a range of 83 nautical miles (154 km) and the fully automated storage system will have room for up to 750 rounds.[31] The system will be provided with a magazine of 600 rounds or more per weapon and offers a rate of fire of 10 rounds per minute per gun. The barrel is water cooled to prevent over-heating. The combined firepower from a pair of turrets gives Zumwalt-class destroyers firepower equivalent to 18 conventional M-198 field guns.[25]

Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS)

The Peripheral Vertical Launch System is an attempt to reclaim the prized center space of the hull while increasing the safety of the ship from the loss of the entire missile battery and the loss of the ship in the case of a magazine explosion. The system scatters pods of VLS around the outer shell of the ship having a thin steel outer shell and a thick inner shell. The design of the PVLS would direct the force of the explosion outward rather than ripping the ship in half. Additionally this design keeps the loss of missile capacity down to just the pod being hit.[25][32]

Boat and Helicopter arrangements

Two spots will be available on a large aviation deck while boat handling is to be dealt with in a stern mounted boat hangar with ramp, the boat hangar’s stern location meeting high sea state requirements for boat operations.[25]

Dual-band radar

Originally, the AN/SPY-3 Active Electronically Scanned Array primarily X-band radar (high altitude near airspace) was to be married with Lockheed Martin's SPY-4 S-band volume search radar. Raytheon’s X-band, active-array SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) offers superior medium to high altitude performance over other radar bands, and its pencil beams give it an excellent ability to focus in on targets. SPY-3 will be the primary DBR radar used for missile engagements[33]. On June 2, 2010 Pentagon acquisition chief Ashton Carter announced that they will be removing the SPY-4 S-band Volume Search Radar from the DDG 1000's dual-band radar. It seems that the new radar will be The Air Missile Defense Radar (AMDR), a system currently in the early stages of development[34] The AMDR will provide multi-mission capabilities, supporting both long range, exoatmospheric detection, tracking and discrimination of ballistic missiles, as well as Area and Self Defense against air and surface threats. For the Ballistic Missile Detection capability, increased radar sensitivity and bandwidth over the current SPY system is needed to detect, track and support the SPY-3's engagements of advanced ballistic missile threats at the required ranges. For the Area Air Defense and Self Defense capability, increased sensitivity and clutter rejection capability is needed to detect, react to, and engage stressing Very Low Observable / Very Low Flyer (VLO/VLF) threats in the presence of heavy land, sea, and rain clutter[35]. Each band will have its own signal processors, with the returns combined by the display sensor manager.[36] This system is thought to provide high detection and excellent anti-jamming capabilities.[25] But at least one report by Congress' investigative arm, the GAO, raises concerns that it is too much of a technology leap.[37].

Sonar

A dual-band sonar controlled by a highly automated computer system will be used to detect mines and submarines. It is claimed that it is superior to the Burke's sonar in littoral ASW, but less effective in blue water/deep sea areas.[38]

Propulsion

The DDX proposed to use a Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) within the hull. An alternate twin pod arrangement was rejected as the ramifications of pod drives would require too much development and validation cost to the vessel. The PMM is considered to be another technology leap and is the cause of some concern along with the radar system from Congress.[25] As part of the design phase, Northrop Grumman had built the world's largest permanent magnet motor, designed and fabricated by DRS Technologies. This proposal was dropped when the PMM motor failed to demonstrate that it was ready to be installed in time.

Zumwalt will have Converteam's Advanced Induction Motors (AIM), rather than DRS Technologies' Permanent Magnet-Synchronous Motors (PMM).

"...The exact choice of engine systems remains somewhat controversial at this point. The concept was originally for an integrated power system (IPS) based on in-hull permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMMs), with Advanced Induction Motors (AIM) as a possible backup solution. The design was shifted to the AIM system in February 2005 in order to meet scheduled milestones; PMM technical issues were subsequently fixed, but the program has moved on. The downside is that AIM technology has a heavier motor, requires more space, requires a "separate controller" to be developed to meet noise requirements, and produces one-third the amount of voltage. On the other hand, these very differences will force time and cost penalties from design and construction changes if the program wishes to "design AIM out"..."[40]

Integrated Power System (IPS)

The Integrated Power System (IPS) is a step both forward and backwards. In some ways similar to the old turbo-electric drive, the addition of PMMs and integration of all electrical power systems gives ten times the power available on current destroyers. It also impacts the ship's thermal and sound signature. The IPS has added to weight growth in the Zumwalt-class destroyer as noted by the GAO.[25][37]

Automation

Automation will reduce crew size on these ships. A smaller crew will reduce a major component of operating costs.[25]

Ammunition, food, and other stores, are all mounted in containers able to be struck below to magazine/storage areas by an automated cargo handling system.[25]

Water spray or mist systems are proposed for deployment in the Zumwalt-class destroyer but the electronic spaces remains problematic to the designers. Halon/Nitrogen dump systems are preferred but do not work when the space has been compromised by a hull breach. The GAO has noted this system as a potential problem yet to be addressed.[25][41]

Computer network

The Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI) is based on GE Fanuc Embedded Systems' PPC7A and PPC7D single-board computers[42] running LynuxWorks' LynxOS RTOS.[43]

Controversy

Lawmakers and others have questioned whether the Zumwalt class costs too much and whether it provides the capabilities the U.S. military needs. In 2005 the Congressional Budget Office estimated the life-cycle cost of a DD(X) at $3.8-4.0bn in 2007 dollars, $1.1bn more than the Navy's estimate.[44]

Specific issues have been raised about the design:

Ballistic missile/air defense capability

In January 2005, John Young, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition, was so confident of the DD(X)'s improved air defense over the Burke class that between its new radar and ability to fire Standard Missiles and SM-6, "I don't see as much urgency for [moving to] CG(X)" - a dedicated air defense cruiser.[45]

On 31 July 2008 Vice Adm. Barry McCullough (deputy chief of naval operations for integration of resources and capabilities) and Allison Stiller (deputy assistant secretary of the Navy for ship programs) stated that "the DDG 1000 cannot perform area air defense; specifically, it cannot successfully employ the Standard Missile-2 (SM-2), SM-3 or SM-6 and is incapable of conducting Ballistic Missile Defense."[38] Dan Smith, president of Raytheon’s Integrated Defense Systems division, has countered that the radar and combat system are essentially the same as other SM-2-capable ships, "I can’t answer the question as to why the Navy is now asserting...that Zumwalt is not equipped with an SM-2 capability".[16] The lack of anti-ballistic missile capability may represent a lack of compatibility with SM-3. In view of recent intelligence that China is developing targetable anti-ship ballistic missiles based on the DF-21,[46][47] this could be a fatal flaw.

On 22 February 2009 James "Ace" Lyons, the former commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, stated that the DDG-1000's technology was essential to a future "boost phase anti-ballistic missile intercept capability".[48]

In 2010 the Congressional Research Service reported that the DDG-1000 cannot be used for BMD because it does not use the standard Aegis system that has been developed for BMD.[49]

Missile capacity

The original DD21 design, displacing around 16,000 tons, would have accommodated between 117 and 128 VLS cells.[50] However, the final DDG-1000 design was considerably smaller than that of the DD21, resulting in room for only 80 VLS cells.[51] Given the vessel's expected role, the Zumwalt class destroyers will likely carry many more Tomahawk missiles than either the Ticonderoga or Arleigh Burke class ships.

Naval fire support role

“ In summary, the committee is concerned that the Navy has foregone the long range fire support capability of the battleship, has given little cause for optimism with regard to meeting near-term developmental objectives, and appears unrealistic in planning to support expeditionary warfare in the mid term. The committee views the Navy's strategy for providing naval surface fire support as 'high risk', and will continue to monitor progress accordingly. ”

A controversial point of the DD(X) destroyer(s) is their planned naval surface fire support role. The original DD21 and the Arsenal Ship had more serious NFS capabilities, which would meet a Congress-mandated requirement related to the Iowa-class battleships. The requirement was eventually relaxed, the battleships stricken from the registry, and the Navy left with small tonnage ships for NFS or alternative methods such as air support. The official position of the U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Navy is that the Zumwalt-class destroyer(s) will be adequate as naval surface gunfire support ships, although there are dissenters.[52]

AGS being fired in September 2009 to test a new coating intended to extend barrel life at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah

While smaller caliber guns (and missiles) have been used for centuries in naval fire support, very large guns have special capabilities beyond that of mid-range calibers. US battleships were re-activated three times after WWII specifically for NFS, and their 16 inch gunfire was used in every major engagement of the U. S. from WWII through Operation Desert Storm in January/February 1991.[53] The Zumwalt-class will have two 6.1 inch (155 mm) guns with limited ammunition. The ships will fire a specially designed "guided" artillery shell some 63 nautical miles (117 km) inland.[54] However, this shell has a reduced warhead size and uses new technology, so most of the shells carried on the DDG would have vastly shorter range.

In March 2006, the Iowa and Wisconsin were struck from the Naval Vessel Register, having been kept on in part to fill a naval fire support role. However, Congress was "deeply concerned" over the loss of naval surface gunfire support they could provide and noted that "navy efforts to improve upon, much less replace, this capability have been highly problematic."[55] The U.S. House of Representatives asked that the battleships be kept in a state of readiness should they ever be needed again[56] and directed the Navy to increase the number of Arleigh Burke-class destroyers that are currently being modernized.[56] The modernization includes extending the range of the 5-inch guns on the Flight 1 ships with extended range guided munitions (ERGMs) that would enable the ships to fire projectiles about forty nautical miles inland;[57][58] However the ERGM was canceled after it failed firing tests in February 2008.[59] The Navy is studying future options for naval fire support; Alliant Techsystems’ ballistic trajectory extended range munition may be one possibility.[59]

Structural problems

The Zumwalt has an unusually large deckhouse as all the major sensors are buried in its structure.[60] It has been claimed that Northrop Grumman has had problems sealing the composite construction panels of this area, but Northrop Grumman has denied this.[61]

Tumblehome design stability

The stability of the DDG-1000 hull design in heavy seas has been a matter of controversy. In April 2007, naval architect Ken Brower said, "As a ship pitches and heaves at sea, if you have tumblehome instead of flare, you have no righting energy to make the ship come back up. On the DDG 1000, with the waves coming at you from behind, when a ship pitches down, it can lose transverse stability as the stern comes out of the water – and basically roll over."[62] The decision to not use a tumblehome hull in the CG(X) cruiser, before the program was canceled, may suggest that there were concerns regarding the Zumwalt's seakeeping.[47] However, in a 1/4 scale test of the hull design, the tumblehome hull proved seaworthy.[63]

In popular culture

The theft of a fictional radar system intended for the Zumwalt class was a central part of the plot in the episode "Stakeout" of the U.S. television series NCIS. The episode first aired on 8 April 2008.

In the game Naval Ops: Warship Gunner 2 one of the Secret Blueprints (pre-configured ship designs) is the Zumwalt class; it can be acquired during the "enemy deployment 1" (1st playthrough in story) version of a boss battle. Zumwalt DDGs are also the destroyer vessel for the Task Force Talon in the video game Act of War: High Treason.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Defense Acquisitions: Cost to Deliver Zumwalt-Class Destroyers Likely to Exceed Budget". Government Accountability Office. 2008-07-31. http://www.gao.gov/htext/d08804.html.  GAO-08-804
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Destroyers - DDG fact file. U.S. Navy, 28 October 2009.
  3. ↑ CRS RL32109 Navy DDG-51 and DDG-1000 Destroyer Programs: Background and Issues for Congress June 14, 2010
  4. ↑ Section 1011 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 (Public Law 104-106; 110 Stat. 421)
  5. ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jul/05/news/mn-47870
  6. ↑ Sanchez, Laura (March 2007). "Electromagnetic Railgun - A "Navy After Next" Game Changer". CHIPS - the Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine. http://www.chips.navy.mil/archives/07_Jan/web_pages/electromagnetic_railgun.html. 
  7. ↑ "Boeing: Raygun dreadnoughts will rule the oceans by 2019". 17 April 2009. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/17/boeing_raygun_dreadnought/. Retrieved 2009-04-18. 
  8. ↑ GAO Assessments of Major Weapon Programs.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 (NDAA 2007). (109-452) US Government Printing Office. 2006-05-05. pp. 69–70. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS70125. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bennett, John T. and Kris Osborn. "Gates Reveals DoD Program Overhaul". Defense News, April 6, 2009.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Taylor, Andrew (2006-09-26). House OKs $70B for Iraq, Afghanistan. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/26/AR2006092601011_2.html. 
  12. ↑ 109th Congress :Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2007. (109-289) US Government Printing Office. 2006-09-29. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ289.109. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Navy: No Need to Add DDG 1000s After All". DefenseNews. 2008-08-01. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3654864&c=AME&s=TOP. Retrieved 2008-08-05. 
  14. ↑ R. Jeffrey Smith and Ellen Nakashima. "Pentagon's Unwanted Projects in Earmarks". Washington Post, March 8, 2009. p. A01.
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  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cavas, Christopher P (2008-09-16). "Troubled DDG 1000 faces shipyard problems". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2008/09/navy_zumwalt_091508w/. 
  17. ↑ Ewing, Philip (2008-08-19). Lawmaker: Third DDG 1000 Far From Done Deal. Defense News. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3682875. 
  18. ↑ Scully, Megan (2008-09-24). "Negotiators agree to buy more F-22s, Zumwalt destroyers". Congress Daily. http://www.govexec.com/story_page.cfm?articleid=41042. 
  19. ↑ Cavas, Christopher P., "New Destroyer Emerges in US Plans". Defense News, February 2, 2009, p. 1.
  20. ↑ Drew, Christopher, "General Dynamics To Build New Destroyer", New York Times, April 18, 2009.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Navy Awards Northrop Grumman $90 Million Long-Lead Material Contract for DDG 1000". Northrop Grumman Corporation. 2007-11-13. http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=131314. 
  22. ↑ "Navy Awards Contracts for Zumwalt Class Destroyers". Navy News Service. 2008-02-14. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=35020. 
  23. ↑ Cindy Clayton (2008-10-30). "Navy to name newest destroyer after SEAL who died in Iraq". The Virginian-Pilot. http://hamptonroads.com/node/486137. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  24. ↑ Miller, John J (2007-07-09). "In a Strange Land". National Review. http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YjE5OGQwZDgzODc5OTYwODRkNTIzM2Y5ZWZhNDUwNTE. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 "DDG-1000 Zumwalt / DD(X) Multi-Mission Surface Combatant". GlobalSecurity.org. 2008-09-01. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/dd-x.htm. 
  26. ↑ Forczyk. p. 18, 76
  27. ↑ Forczyk p. 32, 76
  28. ↑ "Wave Piercing Tumblehome Hull". Raytheon Company. 2007-03-22. http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/ddg_1000/tech/wpth/index.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Van Dam, L. Bruce (1999-06-04) (PDF). Does the Past Have a Place in the Future? The Utility of Battleships into the Twenty-First Century. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: US Army Command and General Staff College. http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=A367903&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf. , citing a letter from Major Tracy Ralphs to Senator John Warner on 1999-02-25
  30. ↑ "United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 7". Tony DiGiulian, navweaps.com. 2008-08-09. http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_16-50_mk7.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Advanced Gun System (AGS)". BAe Systems. 2008. http://www.baesystems.com/ProductsServices/l_and_a_as_advanced_gun_system.html. 
  32. ↑ "Zumwalt Class Destroyer Peripheral Vertical Launch System (PVLS) Advanced VLS". Raytheon Company. 2007-03-22. http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/ddg_1000/tech/pvls/index.html. 
  33. ↑ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/The-US-Navys-Dual-Band-Radars-05393/
  34. ↑ Cavas, Christopher P., DDG 1000 Could Get New Missile-Defense Radar. June 2, 2010 retrieved June 3, 2010, from http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=4654005&c=POL&s=TOP
  35. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/systems/amdr.htm
  36. ↑ "Dual Band Radar (DBR) Zumwalt Class Destroyer Program" (PDF). Raytheon Integrated Defense Systems. 2006-09-21. http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms04_019237.pdf. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 GAO-05-752R Progress of the DD(X) Destroyer Program. U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2005-06-14. http://www.gao.gov/htext/d05752r.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 McCullough, Vice Adm. Barry; Stiller, Allison (2008-07-31) (PDF). Statement on Surface Combatant Requirements and Acquisition Strategy. House Armed Services Committee. http://www.armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/SPEF073108/McCullough_Stiller_Testimony073108.pdf. 
  39. ↑ "Raytheon press release". 2008-12-09. http://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1151. 
  40. ↑ "Dead Aim, Or Dead End? The USA’s DDG-1000 Zumwalt Class Program". Defense Industry Daily. 2008-09-21. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/dead-aim-or-dead-end-the-usas-ddg1000-zumwalt-class-program-02574/.  Needs subscription - can someone find a another reference?
  41. ↑ "Zumwalt Class Destroyer Autonomic Fire Suppression System (AFSS)". Raytheon Company. 2007-03-22. http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/ddg_1000/tech/afss/index.html. 
  42. ↑ "GE Fanuc Embedded Systems Selected By Raytheon For Zumwalt Class Destroyer Program". GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms. 2007-07-25. http://www.gefanuc.com/news-events/detail/1047. 
  43. ↑ "GE Fanuc Embedded Systems Selected By Raytheon For Zumwalt Class Destroyer Program". Lynuxworks. 2007-07-25. http://www.lynuxworks.com/corporate/news/2007/ge-fanuc-raytheon.php. 
  44. ↑ Gilmore, J. Michael (2005-07-19). Statement on The Navy’s DD(X) Destroyer Program before the Subcommittee on Projection Forces. US House of Representatives. http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=6561. 
  45. ↑ "John Young - Assistant Secretary Of The US Navy For Research, Development And Acquisition". Jane's Defense Weekly. 2005-01-12. http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/.www/rhumblines/rhumblines634.doc. 
  46. ↑ (PDF) Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 2008. Office of the Secretary of Defense. p. 2 (p12 of PDF). http://www.defenselink.mil/pubs/pdfs/China_Military_Report_08.pdf. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Cavas, Christopher P (2008-08-04). "Missile Threat Helped Drive DDG Cut". DefenseNews. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3657972. 
  48. ↑ LYONS: Naval shipbuilders sinking. Washington Times, 22 February 2009
  49. ↑ CRS RL33745 Navy Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) Program: Background and Issues for Congress April 08, 2010
  50. ↑ "DD-21 Zumwalt". globalsecurity.org. 2005-04-27. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/dd-21-specs.htm. 
  51. ↑ "DDG 1000 Flight I Design". Northrop Grumman Ship Systems. 2007. Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070915203606/http://www.ddg1000.com/overview/ddg1000_brief.php. 
  52. ↑ Novak, Robert (2005-12-06). Losing the Battleships. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/12/06/novak.marines/index.html. 
  53. ↑ AR 600-8-27 p. 26 paragraph 9-14
  54. ↑ "National Defense Authorization Act of 2007" (pdf). p. 194. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/creports/pdf/hr109-452/title2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-07. 
  55. ↑ NDAA 2007 p193
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 NDAA 2007 p68
  57. ↑ NDAA 2007 pp67-8,193
  58. ↑ "MK 45 5-inch / 54-caliber (lightweight) gun". Federation of American Scientists. 1999-11-26. http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/weaps/mk-45.htm. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Matthews, William (2008-03-25). "Navy ends ERGM funding". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2008/03/defense_ergm_032408/. 
  60. ↑ "Zumwalt Class Destroyer Integrated Composite Deckhouse & Apertures (IDHA)". Raytheon Company. 2007-03-22. http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/ddg_1000/tech/idha/index.html. 
  61. ↑ Cavas, Christopher P (2008-09-12). "Will DDG 1000 Produce Any Ships at All?". DefenseNews. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3722533. 
  62. ↑ Will DDG-1000 Destroyers Be Unstable?. Defense Industry Daily. 2007-04-12. http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/04/defense-news-will-ddg1000-destroyers-be-unstable/index.php. , quoting Cavas, Christopher P (2007-04-02). "Is New U.S. Destroyer Unstable?". DefenseNews. 
  63. ↑ Sea Jet Advanced Electric Ship Demonstrator (AESD)

External links

General Information about DD(X) Class Destroyers
Government reports regarding the DD(X) Destroyer program
Zumwalt-class destroyer

Zumwalt  · Michael Monsoor
List of destroyers of the United States Navy  · List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy